Es la valoración volumétrica que se hace de una solución de concentración desconocida mediante el uso de otra solución cuya concentración ya se conoce, en presencia de un indicador adecuado. La solución cuya concentración se conoce se llama solución estándar.
Dicha operación lleva como nombre de titulación, la cual es un método volumétrico mediante el cual se determina la concentración de una solución, a partir de otra solución de concentración conocida con la que reacciona. Si la solución problema es un álcali (base) la operación se llama alcalimetría y si es un ácido acidimetría.
Estas operaciones volumétricas se fundamentan en la neutralización que experimentan esas sustancias. El uso de las relaciones molares permite realizar los cálculos para la valoración de una de las soluciones, relacionando los volúmenes y las concentraciones (mol/L) con las proporciones molares que indican la ecuación química correspondiente.
Para conocer el punto final de una titulación se utilizan sustancias llamadas indicadores, tales como la fenolftaleína, anaranjado de metilo, azul de Timol, rojo Congo, entre otros., que se caracterizan por presentar una coloración en medio ácido y otro en medio básico. Al alcanzarse el punto final, el indicador toma una coloración intermedia entre ambas coloraciones, así tenemos que la fenolftaleína es incolora en medio ácido y rosa pálido en medio básico. Cuando se realiza una titulación se debe seleccionar el indicador adecuado.
Las titulaciones se realizan utilizando un instrumento de vidrio llamado bureta, a través del siguiente montaje:
Conocida la concentración y el volumen del ácido, se puede determinar la concentración de un volumen determinado de una base y viceversa.
Si nombramos: Va= volumen del ácido, Ca = concentración del ácido, Vb= volumen de la base y Cb= concentración de la base.
Por lo tanto, se emplea la siguiente fórmula, cuando la reacción de neutralización es de mol a mol:
Ca x Va = Cb x Vb
Por ejemplo:
¿Qué volumen de HCl de concentración 0,5 mol/L será necesario para neutralizar 10mL de NaOH de concentración 0,1 mol/L?
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Relación molar: 1:1 (1 mol de NaOH y 1 mol de HCl)
Datos:
V ácido = ?
C ácido = 0,5 mol/L
V base = 10 mL
C base = 0,1 mol/L
Ca x Va = Cb x Vb
Entonces se despeja la fórmula para hallar el volumen de ácido:
Va = Cb x Vb / Ca
Va = 0,1 mol/L x 10 mL / 0,5mol/L
Va = 2 mL de HCl
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