En el artículo anterior, se definió el concepto de elemento y compuesto, en este post nos referiremos a la importancia de los mismos y sus tipos.
Si observamos detalladamente nuestro entorno, nos daremos cuenta que todo está constituido por elementos químicos, desde lo que respiramos hasta lo que consumimos. El ser vivo esta siempre en contacto con muchos acontecimientos relacionados con la química, por ejemplo cuando consumimos alimentos, estos contienen sustancias y nutrientes que al combinarse nos generan la energía necesaria para realizar las actividades diarias.
Es fundamental estudiar y analizar las propiedades de cada uno de los elementos que conforman el planeta Tierra, para así comprender nuestro organismo y cómo funcionan las industrias alimentarias, textil, farmacéutica, metalúrgica, entre otras.
Todos los seres vivos están formados por elementos químicos básicos como por ejemplo: Carbono (C), Hidrógeno (H), Oxígeno (O), Nitrógeno (N) y en pocas cantidades el Calcio (Ca), el Fósforo (P), el Azufre (S), el Potasio (K), el Sodio (Na) y el Magnesio (Mg).
Los elementos se disponen en la tabla periódica de acuerdo a sus propiedades por lo cual pueden clasificarse como metales y no metales. Por su parte, los compuestos que están formados por la unión química de elementos, pueden clasificarse en compuestos inorgánicos y orgánicos.
Los elementos químicos se clasifican en:
- Metales: Son aquellos elementos químicos situados en el lado izquierdo de la tabla periódica, que presentan como propiedad principal, ser sólidos a temperatura ambiente, exceptuando al mercurio (Hg). Otra importante característica es que la mayoría presentan puntos de fusión elevados, eso debido a que son sólidos. Algunos ejemplos de metales tenemos: Sodio (Na), Oro (Au), plata (Ag), hierro (Fe) y Zinc (Zn).
- No metales: Son aquellos elementos químicos ubicados en la parte derecha de la tabla periódica. A diferencia de los metales, presentan puntos de fusión mucho más bajos, esto debido que podemos encontrarlos no solo sólidos, sino en estado gaseoso y líquido. Por ejemplo: El fósforo (P) es sólido, el cloro (Cl) gaseoso y el bromo (Br) es líquido.
Clasificación de los compuestos
- Compuestos inorgánicos. Son aquellas sustancias inertes consideradas en no poseer, en su gran mayoría, la presencia de átomos de carbono en su estructura, exceptuando a los compuestos dióxido de carbono, monóxido de carbono, entre otros. Los compuestos inorgánicos, se clasifican a su vez en:
Óxidos. Son aquellos que se originan de la combinación entre el oxígeno con un metal o un no metal. Por ejemplo:
4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2 O3
Metal + oxigeno → óxido férrico
2Ca 2+ + O2 → 2CaO
No metal + oxígeno → óxido de calcio II
Ácidos. Son aquellos compuestos formados por la unión de un óxido no metálico con agua o de un no metal con hidrógeno. Por ejemplo:
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
Óxido no metálico + agua → ácido carbónico
Cl– + H+ → HCl
No metal + hidrógeno → ácido clorhídrico
Bases. Son aquellos compuestos que se originan de la alianza entre un metal con el agua. Por ejemplo:
2Na+ + 2H2O———>2NaOH + H2
Metal + agua → Hidróxido de sodio
Sales. Son aquellos compuestos que provienen de la unión entre un metal con un ácido, de una base con un ácido o de un metal con un no metal (que no sea oxígeno). Por ejemplo:
Na+ + Cl– → NaCl
Metal + No metal → Cloruro de sodio
Zn+ 2 HCl →ZnCl2 + H2
Metal + ácido → Cloruro de zinc
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Base + ácido → cloruro de sodio + agua
- Compuestos Orgánicos. Son sustancias químicas formadas en su mayoría de átomos de carbono y usualmente elementos como hidrógeno, oxígeno, nitrógeno, fósforo, azufre, cloro, yodo, entre otros, con excepción de los anhídridos carbónicos, los carbonatos y los cianuros, que son compuestos inorgánicos.
Ejemplos: Alcohol isopropílico (C3H8O), ácido acético (CH3 COOH), sacarosa (C12 H22 O11) entre otros.
Pingback: Tips para aprender la tabla periódica y no fallar en el intento - Química en casa.com
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