Los alcoholes son compuestos orgánicos que contienen un grupo hidroxilo (-OH) en su molécula , por sustitución de un átomo de hidrógeno por una cadena hidrocarbonada. Por tal razón es considerado un derivado del agua, al igual que los fenoles y los éteres.
Propiedades físicas de los alcoholes
- Los primeros términos, entre los alcoholes primarios y secundarios, son líquidos incoloros, de olor agradable.
- Son solubles en agua, sin embargo la solubilidad disminuye a medida que aumenta la masa molecular. De hecho, los alcoholes terciarios son todos sólidos.
- Al aumentar la masa molecular también aumentan sus puntos de fusión y ebullición, pudiendo ser sólidos a temperatura ambiente.
- Dentro de un grupo de alcoholes isómeros,el alcohol primario posee el punto de ebullición superior y el terciario el inferior, teniendo el secundario un valor intermedio. Los términos inferiores son muchos menos volátiles de lo que debería esperarse de su masa molecular y esto se supone que es debido a la asociación por medio de enlaces de hidrógeno que comprende una cadena de moléculas, generando una molécula grande cuya volatilidad es baja.
Usos de algunos alcoholes
Metanol / Alcohol metílico
Es un líquido incoloro, inflamable, tóxico, de punto de ebullición 65 ºC. Es soluble en agua en todas las proporciones y solubles en la mayoría de los disolventes orgánicos.
Se emplea como disolvente de pinturas, barnices, lacas, celuloide, entre otros. También se emplea en la obtención del alcohol desnaturalizado y mezcla anticongelantes para automóviles.
Etanol/ Alcohol etílico
Es un líquido incoloro de olor agradable. Es menos denso que el agua, tiene punto de ebullición de 78,4 ºC y se mezcla con ella en todas las proporciones con contracción de volumen. Arde con llama azulada y muy calorífica.
El principal uso es en la fabricación de bebidas y licores. También se emplea como combustible, en la fabricación de perfumes y barnices, en la preparación de éter, cloroformo, entre otros.
Etanodiol / Etilenglicol
Es un alcohol divalente (que presenta dos grupos OH en su estructura) y es el miembro más pequeño de la serie. Es un líquido viscoso, incoloro, de sabor dulce y punto de ebullición de 197 ºC. Es soluble en agua y etanol, no obstante es insoluble en éter.
Se emplea principalmente como disolvente y anticongelante.
Propanotriol / Glicerina
Es un alcohol trivalente o glicerol (que presenta tres grupos OH en su estructura) y es el miembro más simple de la serie. Es un líquido incoloro, de sabor dulce, siruposo (consistencia de jarabe) y de punto de ebullición de 290ºC. Se disuelve en agua y en alcohol etílico, pero es insoluble en éter y en sulfuro de carbono.
Se encuentra en la mayoría de las grasas, aceites animales y vegetales.
Se emplea en la fabricación de explosivos, como anticongelante, como agente humectante para el tabaco, elaboración de jabones, elaboración de medicamentos en formas de jarabes, supositorios de glicerina, entre otros.
2-isopropil-5-metilciclohexanol / Mentol
Es un alcohol secundario saturado, que se halla en los aceites de algunas especies de menta. Es un sólido cristalino, ceroso y de color blanco que presenta un punto de fusión de 40 °C.
Se emplea en medicina, en la preparación de algunos ungüentos ya que posee un efecto refrescante sobre las mucosas. También en las pastas dentales, chicles y caramelos sabor a menta, enjuagues bucales, entre otros.
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