La materia es todo aquello que nos rodea y presenta masa, volumen, peso y forma. Todo está hecho de materia. La materia esta formada por pequeñas partículas llamadas átomos. Los átomos a su vez, son las partículas más pequeñas y estable que mantiene todas las propiedades de un elemento, es decir es la parte de materia más pequeña que puede ser medida.
Los átomos al combinarse forman los diferentes estados de la materia, de los cuales les hablaré a continuación.
Estados de agregación de la materia
Estado sólido. En el estado sólido, las partículas se encuentran unidas por fuerzas de atracción muy fuertes, lo que les permite permanecer fijas en su lugar vibrando una al lado de la otra. Estos no se pueden comprimir, ya que no es posible reducir su volumen presionándolos. Por ejemplo: el hielo, los metales excepto el mercurio, entre otros.
Estado líquido. En el estado líquido, las partículas se hallan unidas, no obstante las fuerzas de atracción son mucho más débiles que en el estado sólido. Por lo tanto, las partículas se mueven y colisionan entre sí, vibrando y deslizándose unas sobre otras. Los líquidos adoptan la forma del recipiente que los contiene. Por ejemplo: agua, alcohol, vinagre, entre otros.
Estado gaseoso. En el estado gaseoso, las fuerzas de atracción son bastante débiles en comparación a los sólidos y líquidos, originando que las partículas estén bastante separadas una de otras y se muevan rápidamente, adoptando el tamaño y forma del lugar que lo ocupa. Los gases se pueden comprimir con gran facilidad, reduciendo su volumen. Por ejemplo: oxígeno, hidrógeno, cloro, helio, entre otros.
Plasma. El plasma es el estado de la materia más abundante en el Universo. Es un estado fluido similar al estado gaseoso y se forma bajo temperaturas y presiones extremadamente altas, ocasionando que los impactos entre los electrones sean violentos, logrando separarse del núcleo y quedando solo átomos dispersos.
El plasma se puede considerar un gas ionizado, ya que es una mezcla de núcleos positivos y electrones libres que poseen la capacidad de conducir electricidad.
Por ejemplo: televisores de plasma, el interior de los reactores de fusión, los rayos durante una tormenta, el sol, nebulosas, entre otros.
Estado Condensado de Bose – Einstein. Este estado de la materia lleva los apellidos de Satyendra Nath Bose y Albert Einstein, quienes predijeron su existencia en el año 1920.
Los condensados Bose – Einstein son superfluidos gaseosos enfriados a temperaturas cercanas al cero absoluto ( -273 °C, 0 K). Es un estado en el que los átomos extremadamente fríos se agrupan y actúan como si fueran un solo átomo.
Por ejemplo: La superfluidez cuando el helio se enfría se licúa, esto hace que los átomos no adquieran energía por fricción, lo que hace que no se disipe energía por movimiento. Como resultado se tiene un plano horizontal infinitamente estrecho; como lo que pasa en el interior de las supernovas cuando su periodo vital se agota y se transforman en agujeros negros.
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