La unión de los átomos a través de los diferentes tipos de enlace produce cadenas carbonadas, las cuales constituyen el esqueleto de la molécula del compuesto correspondiente.
Una fórmula química es una representación escrita de una molécula, la cual debe indicar la clase de átomos que la forman y la cantidad de cada una de ellos. Además, la masa de la molécula y la relación ponderal de los elementos que entran en su combinación.
En química orgánica se utilizan diversos tipos de fórmulas para representar las moléculas:
Fórmula general: consiste en una fórmula que expresa de forma bastante general la estructura básica fundamental de algún tipo de compuesto químico, utilizando variables para señalar la cantidad de átomos de cada elemento. Por ejemplo, la fórmula general de los alcanos es CnH2n+2 donde n es el número de carbonos de la molécula.
Fórmula empírica: este tipo de fórmula nos proporciona la cantidad de los átomos que contiene, expresada con los números enteros más pequeños posibles. Por ejemplo, la fórmula molecular de la glucosa es C6H12O6 , entonces la fórmula empírica se obtiene simplificando los subíndices de la fórmula, claro si es posible, dividiéndolo entre un factor común, que en este caso será entre el número seis. Por lo tanto la fórmula empírica de la glucosa es CH2O.
Fórmula molecular: este tipo de fórmula expresa los elementos que constituyen la molécula y el número de cada uno de ellos. Por ejemplo:
Butano: C4H10
Sacarosa: C12 H22 O11
Fórmula semidesarrollada: aparece agrupados los átomos que están unidos a un mismo átomo de carbono de la cadena. Este tipo de fórmulas son las más utilizadas. Por ejemplo:
Heptano: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
Etanol: CH3-CH2-OH
Fórmula estructural de zigzag: llamadas también cadenas lineales, son aquellas donde solo se utiliza segmentos que representen la cadena de carbonos, indicando que cada extremo de un segmento es un átomo de carbono. Los átomos de hidrógeno no se ven reflejados en la estructura, pero pueden ser obtenidos restando a 4 (la valencia del carbono) el número de segmentos que se unen en un punto. Los enlaces dobles y triples se representan añadiendo uno o dos segmentos paralelos, respectivamente. Por ejemplo:
Fórmula desarrollada: en este tipo de fórmula se muestra de manera más específica como se encuentran enlazados los átomos en la molécula. Por ejemplo:
Fórmula estructural: este tipo de fórmula nos muestra realmente como es la molécula, debido a que a través de modelos espaciales, se puede ver su distribución espacial y geometría de los enlaces.Hay diferentes tipos:
Modelo de esqueleto, de armazón: no se dibujan los átomos de C e H.
Modelo de bolas y barras, o de bolas y varillas.
Modelo de bolas, compacto o espacial sólido.
Modelos poliédricos: los átomos se representan por tetraedros, octaedros, que se unen por sus vértices y permiten ciertos giros o torsiones.
Por ejemplo:
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