El balanceo por tanteo es una de las técnicas más sencillas y prácticas para igualar ecuaciones químicas. Es esencial que todo estudiante de química domine esta técnica para luego poder adentrarse a otras más complejas como el balanceo de ecuaciones químicas por el método ion-electrón y redox.
Una pregunta muy común en esto del balanceo por tanteo es cómo y cuándo se debe usar las fracciones para igualar las ecuaciones químicas.
Primero se tiene que saber que cuando balanceamos una ecuación debemos procurar que los coeficientes que agreguemos sean números enteros y en la proporción pequeña posible, es decir evitar colocar número enteros muy grandes.
Ahora bien, si en dado caso que una ecuación no sea posible balancearla con números enteros y debamos usar fracciones, debemos eliminar las mismas, usando un método matemático sencillo como lo es multiplicar toda la ecuación por el mismo número que se encuentra en el denominador de la fracción en cuestión.
Por ejemplo, tenemos la siguiente ecuación química balanceada:
C6H14 + 19/2 O2 → 6CO2 + 7H2O
Para eliminar la fracción, debemos multiplicar toda la ecuación (tanto en la parte de los reactantes como en los productos) por el número del denominador de dicha fracción que deseamos descartar, quedando:
C6H14 + 19/2 O2 → 6CO2 + 7H2O / x2
2C6H14 + 19O2 → 12CO2 + 14H2O
Quedando perfectamente balanceada:
Carbono: 12 átomos de ambos lados
Hidrógeno: 28 átomos de ambos lados
Oxígeno: 38 átomos de ambos lados
Pero, ¿por qué no es apropiado usar fracciones para balancear ecuaciones químicas?
Como ya expliqué anteriormente, puedes usar las fracciones para ayudarte, sin embargo, las ecuaciones químicas no quedan del todo balaceadas. Esto debido a que en las reacciones químicas, jamás crearás la mitad de un átomo o la mitad de una molécula, por esa razón es más apropiado químicamente usar números enteros.
También te podría interesar:
Balanceo por tanteo de reacciones químicas. Ejercicios Resueltos
Balanceo redox: Método ión-electrón (Ejercicios Resueltos)
Balanceo de ecuaciones redox: Método del número de oxidación
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