Ciertos óxidos no metálicos al combinarse con el agua, producen los llamados oxoácidos especiales. Esto se evidencia en algunos elementos como fósforo, yodo, boro, silicio, teluro y otros. Para efectos de este post, estudiaremos los oxoácidos del fósforo.
Los óxidos de fósforo (III) y (V) al combinarse con el agua pueden producir cada uno, hasta tres oxoácidos distintos, o sea dependiendo de la cantidad de agua que se agregue, se obtendrá un ácido diferente.
Si agregamos una molécula de agua, obtendremos ácidos “meta”. Si añadimos dos moléculas de agua resultará ácidos “piro” y finalmente, al agregar tres moléculas de agua, el producto será los llamados ácidos normales (son los más comunes), los “orto”.
¿Qué significa meta, piro y orto?
La palabra «meta» significa “después de”, “más allá”.
“Piro” proviene del griego calor, fuego.
Por su parte, “orto” significa correcto, normal.
Nomenclatura Tradicional: Oxoácidos meta, piro y orto del fósforo
La nomenclatura que se utiliza para darle nombre a este tipo de ácidos es muy antigua y ya no se usa mucho, puesto que ha sido reemplazada por las nomenclaturas propuestas por la IUPAC. No obstante, la IUPAC aún acepta algunos casos especiales de la nomenclatura tradicional.
Veamos entonces como se nombran estos oxoácidos según la nomenclatura tradicional.
Ácidos meta
Estos ácidos surgen de la combinación de un óxido de fósforo más una molécula de agua.
Estado de oxidación | Reacción | Nomenclatura |
3 | P2O3 + H2O → HPO2 | Ácido metafosforoso |
5 | P2O5 + H2O → HPO3 | Ácido metafosfórico |
Ácidos piro
Estos ácidos surgen de la combinación de un óxido de fósforo más dos moléculas de agua.
Estado de oxidación | Reacción | Nomenclatura |
3 | P2O3 + 2H2O → H4P2O5 | Ácido pirofosforoso |
5 | P2O5 + 2H2O → H4P2O7 | Ácido pirofosfórico |
Ácidos orto
Estos ácidos surgen de la combinación de un óxido de fósforo más tres moléculas de agua. En la nomenclatura se suele obviar la palabra “orto” en este tipo de oxoácidos, ya que estos son los más comunes.
Estado de oxidación | Reacción | Nomenclatura |
3 | P2O3 + 3H2O → H6P2O6 Al simplificar queda: H3PO3 | Ácido ortofosforoso
Ácido fosforoso |
5 | P2O5 + 3H2O → H6P2O8 Al simplificar queda: H3PO4 | Ácido ortofosfórico
Ácido fosfórico |
Conociendo un poco más…
Los compuestos del fósforo son familias bastante numerosas ya que estos compuestos poseen la capacidad de polimerizarse perdiendo agua.
Los oxoácidos orto de fósforo es el más común debido a su estabilidad y normalidad. Dicha estabilidad favorece el hecho de contener mucha agua. Entonces cuando se calienta un ácido de tipo “orto” este pierde mucha agua y se obtiene un ácido “piro”. Ahora bien, cuando se calienta un ácido “piro”, obtendremos los oxoácidos meta, los cuales tienen menor contenido de agua.
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