La mantequilla es una de las formas más concentradas de leche líquida. Se requieren de 20 litros de leche entera para preparar 1 kilogramo de mantequilla. Este proceso origina aproximadamente 18 litros de leche desnatada y suero de mantequilla, que antiguamente eran desechados o se utilizaban como alimento para animales. Actualmente, la porción descremada ha aumentado considerablemente de valor y se emplea plenamente en otros productos.
COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA
-
Mantequilla comercial
Esta contiene 80-82% de grasa láctea, 16-17% de agua y 1-2% de sólidos lácteos distintos de la grasa (a veces denominada cuajada). Puede contener sal, agregada directamente a la mantequilla en concentraciones de 1-2%. La mantequilla sin sal a menudo se conoce como mantequilla «dulce». No debe confundirse con la mantequilla de “crema dulce”, que puede estar o no salada.
-
Mantequilla reducida en grasa o «light»
Generalmente contiene alrededor del 40% de grasa láctea.
- La mantequilla también contiene proteínas, calcio y fósforo (alrededor del 1,2%) y vitaminas liposolubles A, D y E.
- Aunque hay más de 120 compuestos diferentes que contribuyen al sabor único de la mantequilla, los cinco componentes principales responsables del sabor de la mantequilla son: ácidos grasos, lactonas, metilcetonas, diacetilo y sulfuro de dimetilo.
Ácidos grasos: los protagonistas
Químicamente, la grasa de la mantequilla consiste esencialmente en una mezcla de triglicéridos, particularmente los derivados de ácidos grasos, como los ácidos palmítico, oleico, mirístico y esteárico. La composición de ácidos grasos de la mantequilla varía según la dieta del animal productor.
Por su parte, el ácido butírico o ácido butanoico también se halla en la mantequilla pero en pequeñas cantidades. Su concentración en la mantequilla acrecienta a medida que esta se va volviendo más rancia, produciendo un olor característico al mezclarse con otras sustancias cuando se produce la butirina.
Mantequilla y Margarina ¿son lo mismo?
No, no son lo mismo, a pesar de que ambas son emulsiones grasas, la diferencia primordial radica en que la mantequilla es de origen animal y la margarina es de origen vegetal, ya que es obtenida a través de procesos como la hidrogenación de aceites.
Otra diferencia es la composición química de las mismas. La margarina está formada por 80% de grasas monoinsaturadas e hidrogenadas, mientras que la mantequilla posee un 99% de grasas que en su mayoría son del tipo saturadas.
Fuente bibliográfica
- Gottau Gabriela (2016). ¿Mantequilla o margarina? Analizamos sus diferencias. Recuperado el 10 de mayo de 2021, de: vitonica.com
- Webexhibits (2010). What is butter? Recuperado el 10 de mayo de 2021, de: webexhibits.org.
- Wikipedía. Mantequilla. Recuperado el 10 de mayo de 2021, de: es.wikipedia.org
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