El grupo 10 de la tabla periódica pertenece a los metales de transición y es denominado también como la familia del níquel, ya que los elementos que lo conforman poseen comportamientos representativos del elemento principal. En este caso es el níquel.
El grupo 10 está conformado por: Níquel (Ni), Paladio (Pd), Platino (Pt) y Darmstadio (Ds) (anteriormente Ununnilio (Uun).
Estos elementos presentan 10 electrones de valencia: 2 electrones s de la última capa y 8 electrones d de la penúltima. El elemento principal de este grupo presenta estados de oxidación bajos.
Aunque en menor medida, al igual que con los grupos que estudiamos anteriormente, la similitud entre el paladio y platino es mayor que con el elemento principal (níquel). Por el contrario, el níquel posee bastantes semejanzas con los elementos principales de los grupos 8 y 9, es decir, con el hierro y cobalto.
Los estados de oxidación más comunes de los elementos de este grupo son 0 y +2. Casi todos se hallan en la naturaleza en forma elemental, a excepción del elemento darmstadio.
Todos estos elementos tienen completados los orbitales «d» de su capa de valencia lo que explica su relativa inercia frente a los agentes oxidantes que se hace más patente bajando en el grupo. Todos son metales importantes en orfebrería y en la industria química dada sus propiedades catalíticas. Además se emplean o emplearon como metales en la acuñación de monedas.
Propiedades físicas
- Son de color blanco plateado y poseen brillo metálico
- Son sólidos a temperatura ambiente
- Conducen calor y electricidad
- Presentan altos puntos de fusión y de ebullición
- El níquel al igual que el hierro y el cobalto, es ferromagnético
Propiedades químicas
- Predomina el estado de oxidación 0 y +2, aunque el platino y paladio pueden alcanzar el estado de oxidación +6.
- El darmstadio no posee isotopos estables.
- Son estables a temperatura ambiente.
- Son atacados lentamente por el oxígeno a temperatura ambiente, pero rápidamente a temperaturas elevadas.
- Son bastante reactivos. La reactividad aumenta a medida que se desciende en el grupo.
- Forman compuestos de coordinación coloreados, esto debido a su facilidad para formar enlaces covalentes con la participación de electrones d y por su tendencia a reaccionar químicamente en diferentes estado de oxidación estables y a cambiar con relativa facilidad de unos estados de oxidación a otros.
Usos y aplicaciones de los elementos del grupo 10
Níquel.
Este metal de transición es usado esencialmente en aleaciones con otros metales ya que les suministra a los materiales dureza, resistencia a la corrosión, cualidades magnéticas, propiedades mecánicas, controlar la dilatación, disminuir la conductividad eléctrica, entre otros.
Estas aleaciones se utilizan para la elaboración de piezas de autos (frenos, engranajes, válvulas y rodamientos), resistencias eléctricas, transformadores, telas metálicas, bastidor de instrumentos de precisión, aparatos para criogenia, entre otros.
Un tipo de aleación bastante común que incluye a este metal, es la de cuproníquel destinadas a la elaboración de monedas; las cuales pueden contener un de 25% de níquel y un 75% de cobre.
Por su parte la aleación Níquel-Cadmio es utilizada en gran medida en la fabricación de componentes electrónicos.
Otros usos del níquel en las aleaciones, tenemos como revestimiento en decoraciones y protector de metales como el hierro, aluminio y el acero. En el proceso de hidrogenación de petróleo, es ampliamente utilizado el níquel, como catalizador ya que este, absorbe 17 veces su volumen de hidrógeno.
Paladio.
Al igual que muchos metales de transición, su uso más común es en aleaciones para optimizar las propiedades de los materiales. Por ejemplo, la aleación Paladio- Plata- Cobre, la cual se emplea para la elaboración de interruptores y para contactos eléctricos que estarán expuestos a la acción de la corrosión y/o a esfuerzos mecánicos significativos.
Otra aleación con alto valor económico, es paladio-oro, la cual es utilizada en la joyería para la preparación de oro blanco, ya que el paladio permite decolorar el oro lo que lo hace muy llamativo y popular en este campo.
Entre otras aplicaciones de las aleaciones de paladio, tenemos en el campo de la odontología para fabricar prótesis dentales. En la relojería se emplea para realizar resortes no magnéticos. En otros campos, para elaborar resistencias eléctricas de precisión, cubrir espejos especiales, soldadura del acero inoxidable, entre otros.
El paladio también es utilizado como catalizador en algunos procesos como la hidrogenación de alcanos.
Platino.
El platino y el paladio presentan propiedades bastante semejantes por lo cual sus aplicaciones suelen ser en líneas generales, muy parecidas. Dentro de algunos de sus usos tenemos:
- En la elaboración de joyería fina
- En medicina, en la preparación de drogas antitumorales
- En odontología en la elaboración de rellenos y coronas dentales
- Aleado con el iridio se emplea en la fabricación de materiales de laboratorio como crisoles, pinzas, evaporadores, platos de combustión, entre otros elementos.
- El platino finamente dividido, es utilizado como catalizador en reacciones químicas para la obtención de ácido nítrico, ácido sulfúrico y metanal y en el proceso de cracking de hidrocarburos.
- También se emplea en contactores eléctricos en calefactores y pares termoeléctricos para la medida de altas temperaturas.
Darmstadio.
Al igual que muchos elementos radiactivos y sintéticos, al producirse en pequeñas cantidades, no posee uso comercial. Por lo tanto, es empleado en menor medida en la investigación científica.
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