Las grasas y aceites son compuestos de glicerina y varios ácidos orgánicos, es decir, son ésteres de la glicerina o glicéridos.
Los aceites son líquidos a la temperatura ambiente y contienen mayor proporción de ácidos no saturados que las grasas, las cuales son sólidas a temperatura ambiente. Los ácidos de los glicéridos son casi exclusivamente de cadena lineal y casi siempre contienen un número par de átomos de carbono.
Los ácidos saturados más importantes son el mirístico, láurico, esteárico y palmítico. Los no saturados más destacados son el linolénico, oleico y linoleico.
Propiedades físicas de las Grasas
-
Solubilidad:
- Las grasas son insolubles en agua.
- Poco solubles en alcohol.
- Solubles en sulfuro de carbono, éter, tetracloruro de carbono, bencina y otros.
-
Densidad:
– Presentan menor densidad que la del agua.
- Son sólidas a temperatura ambiente.
- Presentan bajo punto de fusión.
- No tienen olor, aunque cuando experimentan un proceso de fermentación, se produce el olor característico a rancio.
Propiedades químicas de las Grasas
La principal propiedad química de una grasa saturada es la saponificación (haz click en la palabra si quieres saber más), y de las no saturadas, la hidrogenación (muy pronto subiré un post sobre este tema).
Nomenclatura
Los glicéridos se nombran de acuerdo con la naturaleza de los ácidos constituyentes, cambiándose el sufijo ico de estos por el sufijo ina.
Se llaman glicéridos simples cuando en ellos interviene un solo ácido, y mixtos cuando intervienen varios, por ejemplo:
Fuente
- Dr. H. Moreno González. (1983). Química Orgánica. (pág. 317). Ediciones CO-BO
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