Las aminas son compuestos orgánicos que se originan de la sustitución sucesiva de los hidrógenos del amoniaco por grupos alquil o aril. La fórmula general de las aminas será diferente según su clasificación, así las aminas primarias serán R-NH2, R2NH para las aminas secundarias y R3N para las aminas terciarias.
clasificación de las aminas
aminas alifáticas
Formadas por la sustitución de grupos R de tipo alquil. Por ejemplo: Etilamina
aminas aromáticas
Compuestas por la sustitución de grupos R de tipo aril. Por ejemplo: Anilina o fenilamina (IUPAC)
Aminas primarias
Son aquellas que derivan de la sustitución de un hidrógeno del amoniaco por algún grupo aril o alquil. Por ejemplo: n-propilamina.
aminas secundarias
Se originan de la sustitución de dos hidrógenos del amoniaco por algún grupo alquil o aril. Por ejemplo: Metil-etilamina
aminas terciarias
Estas se originan de la sustitución de los tres hidrógenos del amoniaco por algún grupo alquil o aril. Por ejemplo: Dimetil-secbutilamina
propiedades físicas
- Al igual que el amoniaco, son compuestos polares.
- Las aminas de baja masa molar, son solubles en agua, la solubilidad va disminuyendo a partir de seis átomos de carbono. Sin embargo, las aminas son solubles en disolventes poco polares como los alcoholes, benceno y éteres, entre otros.
- Poseen puntos de ebullición mayores en comparación de los compuestos no polares que presentan la misma masa molar. No obstante, sus puntos de ebullición son más bajos que los ácidos carboxílicos y alcoholes.
- Los tres tipos de aminas tienen la capacidad de formar cadenas hidrogenadas con el agua.
- En cuanto a su olor, las etilaminas y metilaminas posee un olor similar al amoníaco. Las aminas superiores presentan un olor desagradable comparable al pescado.
- Las aminas aromáticas son incoloras en estado puro, pero cuando se oxidan suelen colorearse.
usos de las aminas
Las aminas suelen utilizarse como fármacos, solventes, en la industria del caucho, en la elaboración de resinas, en la elaboración de productos químicos agrícolas, entre otros. A continuación se especifican algunas:
Clorpromazina
Esta sustancia es utilizada como sedante en pacientes que sufren ansiedad y en algunos trastornos más severos.
morfina
Es un alcaloide presente en el opio, al igual que la codeína y la heroína. Es empleada en medicina como analgésico.
Nicotina
Esta amina primaria es empleada en la fabricación de tabaco, siendo esta bastante tóxica.
serotonina
La serotonina es una amina terciaria que actúa como neurotransmisor. Es conocida como la hormona de la felicidad y su función es transmitir mensajes entre las células nerviosas.
COCAÍNA
Es un alcaloide altamente adictivo, utilizada como droga recreativa. Esta amina terciaria es empleada en ciertos países como el Reino Unido como anestesia local para cirugías de garganta, ojos y oídos.
nomenclatura
- Las aminas se nombran de dos maneras. La primera y la más utilizada es nombrarlas como derivados de alquilaminas y la segunda es nombrarlas como derivados alcanoaminas. Por ejemplo:
2. Cuando se repiten los radicales, se colocan los prefijos, di o tri, según corresponda. Si presenta radicales diferentes, estos deben nombrarse en orden alfabético. Los sustituyentes se encuentran unidos al nitrógeno llevan el localizador N. Entonces, si en el compuesto existe dos grupos amino sustituidos se utiliza N, N’. Por ejemplo:
3. Cuando las aminas pueden estar formando parte de un compuesto como radical y en ese caso se les llama amino-. La mayoría de los grupos funcionales poseen prioridad sobre las aminas (aldehídos, cetonas, alcoholes, ácidos carboxílicos y sus derivados, entre otros).
FUENTE:
- Quimicaorganica.org
- Alonsoformula.com
- Lifeder.com
- es.wikipedia.org
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