Las ondas, ya sea que se propaguen en la materia o bien en el vacío, tienen siempre su origen en una perturbación. Las olas se producen por la acción conjugada del viento y de la presión atmosférica; el sonido es debido a la vibración de las láminas de un diapasón o de las cuerdas vocales; las ondas de radio, que se propagan en el vacío, son engendradas por la oscilación de los electrones en un cable de antena.
Propiedades esenciales de las ondas
Reflexión
Es la repercusión que percibe una onda cuando experimenta una dificultad como por ejemplo un obstáculo similar a una pared.
A pesar de que dicho impedimento tome una porción de la energía absorbida, se origina igualmente reflexión en la que se transfiere de regreso una fracción de la energía a las partículas del intermedio que produce el incidente.
Refracción
Es el cambio de trayectoria que percibe la onda cuando transita de un entorno a otro diferente. Dicho cambio de orientación se origina como resultado de la velocidad diferente de difusión que tiene la onda en los dos medios.
Difracción
Es la deformación de una onda cuando pasa a través de un orificio cuyo tamaño es del mismo orden de magnitud que la longitud de onda.
Interferencia
Ocurre cuando dos o más ondas se superponen para dar como resultado una onda de igual, mayor o menor extensión. Esta propiedad se percibe en todas las clases de onda, por ejemplo: sonido, ondas de luz y radio.
Características de las ondas
Una onda se caracteriza por su velocidad de propagación v, su longitud de onda λ o por su frecuencia f, donde f= 1/T donde T es el periodo.
Longitud de onda
Es el trayecto físico entre dos medios donde la onda se repite. Se designa con la letra griega landa (λ).
Frecuencia
Es la medida de la cantidad de repeticiones o períodos de la onda por unidad de tiempo.
Relación entre Longitud de Onda y Frecuencia
La relación es la siguiente: a menor frecuencia, mayor es la longitud de onda. Por lo tanto, a menor longitud de onda, mayor es la frecuencia.
La velocidad de difusión de una onda, es posible medirla como el tiempo que acontece desde que es emitida hasta que se absorbe.
Estas tres expresiones están relacionadas por la expresión:
λ = v/f
Ejercicio
Por acuerdo internacional, la nota musical “la” posee una frecuencia de 440 Hz. Si en el aire se propaga con una velocidad de 340 m/s. Determine su longitud de onda.
Datos:
f=440 Hz
v=340 m/s
λ=?
Hz (hercio) = 1/s
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