La Academia de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas de Estados Unidos ha sido la encargada de entregar los codiciados premios desde el año 1929, a directores, escritores, actores, vestuaristas, maquillistas, músicos, entre otros que hacen vida en el mundo cinematográfico. La anhelada estatuilla que es entregada cada año, esconde una maravillosa química detrás de ella, sigue leyendo y conoce como ha cambiado la misma a lo largo del tiempo.
En sus inicios, la estatuilla se realizaba usando bronce sólido (mezcla de cobre con estaño en una proporción de 12%, aproximadamente) y se le aplicaba un baño de oro. No obstante, años después se cambio dicho material por el britannium mejor conocido como peltre inglés. Este material consiste en una combinación de cobre al 2%, estaño al 92% y antimonio al 6%. Para que tengan una idea, este material es parecido a la plata, debido a que ambos presentan una suave superficie, sin embargo, a diferencia de la plata, esta posee un punto de fusión más bajo lo que hace que sea más práctico de utilizar por su facilidad en fundirse y moldearse.
Finalmente, el peltre inglés se recubría de cobre, plata alemana también llamada alpaca (combinación de níquel entre 8%-20%, zinc 8%-45% y cobre 45%-70%) y por último un baño de oro de 24K.
La estatuilla de los Oscars y la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Con la llegada de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la economía de muchos sectores se vio bastante afectada y la Academia de los Oscars no fue la excepción. Para esa época, había carencia de ciertos metales que se empleaban para la fabricación de las estatuillas y en 3 ediciones se fabricaron usando escayola, la cual pintaban de dorado.
La escayola es un material formado por sulfato de calcio (CaSO4). Este material es de alta calidad y presenta una pureza mayor del 80% en sulfato de calcio hemihidratado (CaSO4·½H2O).
Una vez culminada la guerra, se reemplazó todos los premios de escayola por premios de metal con baño de oro, como se hacían originalmente.
Estatuilla de los Oscars en la actualidad
En la 88th Academy Awards del año 2016, se retomó la utilización de bronce como material principal, y se hizo un escaneo digital de la estatuilla del año 1929, para eso se elaboraron moldes de cerámica que fueron impresos bajo tecnología 3D. Una vez obtenido la estatuilla, se pulen y se aplica un revestimiento de oro de 24K usando el proceso de galvanizado.
El galvanizado es una técnica electroquímica donde se usa la corriente eléctrica para oxidar átomos de oro de una placa que será el ánodo y a continuación, reducir los cationes metálicos que fueron separados de la placa, y así se adhieran sobre el cátodo que es la estatuilla de Oscar.
Para la edición 93th Academy Awards de 2021, la empresa responsable en la fabricación de las estatuillas Epner Technology, mostró en la cadena de noticias de la ABC, el proceso de creación de un Oscar. y se pudo observar que se retomó el uso de britannium (cobre al 2%, estaño al 92% y antimonio al 6%), como material base y el oro de 24K como revestimiento. Como dato adicional, se sabe que una estatuilla de la Academia, presenta una masa de 3,85kg y mide 34cm.
Referencia
- El celuloide de Avogadro. (2016). Oscars y celuloide: la química de los premios más grandes del cine. Recuperado el 23 de abril de 2021, de: elceluloidedeavogadro.blogspot.com/
- Tikitakas (2021). Estatuilla de los Oscar: de qué está hecha, peso, cuánto vale y qué sostiene entre las manos. Recuperado el 23 de abril de 2021, de: as.com/tikitakas/
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