Propiedades Coligativas: Disminución de la Presión de Vapor

Propiedades Coligativas: Disminución de la Presión de Vapor

La presión de vapor se define como la fuerza ejercida por moléculas gaseosas de un material, sobre la superficie de ese mismo material. Es decir, existe un equilibrio entre la fase líquida y gaseosa.

El proceso de vaporización, al igual que el de condensación, se produce habitualmente en la cotidianidad. Por ejemplo, al colocar un vaso de agua sobre una mesa, comienza un proceso dinámico en el cual, moléculas que se encuentran en estado líquido pasan a estado gaseosos; y viceversa, moléculas que se encuentran en estado gaseoso pasan a líquido, a través de la superficie del agua líquida que sirve de puerta o enlace entre los dos estados.

La presión de vapor de un solvente desciende cuando se le añade un soluto no volátil. Este efecto es el resultado de dos factores:
  1. La disminución del número de moléculas del disolvente en la superficie libre.
  2. Aparición de fuerzas atractivas entre las moléculas del soluto y las moléculas del disolvente, dificultando su paso a vapor.
La disminución de la presión de vapor de un solvente con la disolución en él de un soluto no volátil, fue establecida por Raoult, y cuya ley establece que:

La disminución es proporcional a la fracción molar del soluto; o que la presión de vapor de la solución será proporcional a la fracción molar del solvente.

Matemáticamente se expresa de la siguiente manera:

Donde:

ΔP° = Disminución o variación de la presión de vapor

P° ste = Presión de vapor del solvente puro

P°Soluc = Presión de vapor de la solución

Xsto = Fracción molar del soluto

Xste = Fracción molar del solvente

La presión de vapor se expresa en las unidades: mmHg (milímetros de mercurio) y en Atm (atmósfera). En caso de que se necesite realizar alguna conversión de unidades, es preciso recordar que 1 atm equivale a 760 mmHg.

 

Ejercicios 
  1. Calcule la presión de vapor de una mezcla que contiene 65 gramos de glucosa (C6 H12O6) en 270 gramos de agua. La presión de vapor del agua pura es 23,8mmHg. Exprese el resultado en atmósfera.
Datos.

P° Soluc = ?

Masa sto = 65 g

Masa ste = 270 g

P° ste = 23,8 mmHg

Masa molecular de la glucosa (C6 H12O6) = 180 g/mol

Masa molecular del agua = 18 g/mol

 

P° Soluc = P°ste.Xste

Como nos piden hallar la presión de vapor de la solución, es necesario calcular primeramente la fracción molar del solvente, mediante la siguiente fórmula:

 

Para ello, se debe determinar los mol de soluto, mol de solvente y mol total.

 

mol sto = masa soluto ÷ Masa molar del soluto

mol sto = 65 g ÷180 g/mol

mol sto = 0,361 mol

 

mol ste = masa solvente ÷ Masa molar del solvente

mol ste = 270 g ÷ 18 g/mol

mol ste = 15 mol

 

mol total = mol sto + mol ste 

mol total = 0,361 mol + 15 mol

mol total = 15,36 mol 

Ahora calculamos la fracción molar de solvente:

Xste = 15 mol ÷ 15, 36 mol

Xste = 0,976

Hallamos la presión de vapor de la solución:

P° Soluc = P°ste.Xste

P° Soluc = 23,8 mmHg . 0,976

P° Soluc = 23,23 mmHg

Finalmente, transformamos el resultado a la unidad de atmósfera:

1 atm ————— 760 mmHg

X——————– 23,23 mmHg

X = 0,031 atm

 

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