Día de Reyes: La Química del Oro, Incienso y Mirra.

Día de Reyes: La Química del Oro, Incienso y Mirra.

El oro, incienso y mirra fueron los regalos traídos por los Reyes Magos al niño Jesús y por lo tanto, se volvió  una tradición la celebración del día de Reyes.

Los llamados Reyes Magos de Oriente son:

Melchor, originario de Europa, un hombre anciano de pelo y barbas blancas.

Gaspar, el más joven de los tres, de pelo rubio y proveniente de Asia.

Baltasar, de mediana edad, origen africano y piel negra.

El oro

Baltasar entregó el preciado oro a Jesús debido a que este era considerado el Rey de Reyes y ese obsequio era el que estaba destinado para los monarcas y altos dignatarios. Químicamente, el oro es un elemento perteneciente a los metales de transición en la tabla periódica. Es considerado un metal noble ya que presenta baja reactividad, esto debido a su configuración electrónica: 4f14 5d9 6p2. Este metal es inalterable por el aire por lo tanto no se oxida, no obstante se disuelve en mezclas que contienen cloruros, bromuros, yoduros, cianuros alcalinos y agua regia (mezcla de ácido clorhídrico y ácido nítrico).

Este metal se encuentra generalmente en estado puro, en forma de pepitas y depósitos aluviales. Es un elemento que se forma gracias a las condiciones extremas en el núcleo colapsante de las supernovas.

 

El incienso

Gaspar entregó al Mesías incienso, pues se trataba del hijo de Dios y a las divinidades se les rendía culto en los altares quemando incienso. El incienso es una resina obtenida a partir de árboles del género Boswellia y tiene una apariencia de color amarillo pálido. Se utiliza principalmente como humo aromático, sin embargo también se emplea en la perfumería.

Muchos compuestos contribuyen al aroma que presenta el incienso cuando es quemado. Principalmente está formado por ácidos boswélicos, el cual posee propiedades antiinflamatorias en una variedad de enfermedades, como la artritis reumatoide, la osteoartritis, entre otros. No obstante, los compuestos que proporcionan el aroma del incienso son el acetato de octilo, octanol y diversos terpenos o isoprenoides.

La mirra

Melchor entregó la mirra porque Jesús era hombre y como tal moriría joven, siendo necesaria esa resina para que su madre María pudiese ungir el cuerpo sin vida cuando llegase el momento del deceso. La mirra al igual que el incienso, también es una resina, pero esta se obtiene de los árboles del género “Commiphora”, que le genera una coloración entre rojo y marrón.

Su olor es en gran parte debido a la presencia de un número de compuestos de la familia “furanosesquiterpenes” (sesquiterpenos o sesquiterpenoides) específicamente el furanoeudesma-1,3-dieno que contribuyen al aroma a madera dulce. En el antiguo Egipto, la mirra se usaba como parte del proceso de embalsamamiento. De igual manera, se ha utilizado en la medicina tradicional durante siglos, como componente en algunas pastas de dientes y enjuagues bucales debido a sus propiedades antisépticas. Estudios más recientes han demostrado que los extractos de mirra pueden tener propiedades anti-inflamatorias, al igual que el incienso, pero dichos estudios todavía están en evaluación.


 

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