Sistemas fisicoquímicos

Sistemas fisicoquímicos

La fisicoquímica es una sub-disciplina de la química que se encarga del estudio de la materia utilizando conceptos basados en los aspectos físicos y químicos. Esta se apoya de la termodinámica que se encarga del estudio de todo lo relacionado con la transferencia y transformación de la energía térmica.

 

Todos estos procesos se estudian a través de un sistema fisicoquímico, para así poder someter a la materia a observación, controlando diferentes variables que pueden influir en su comportamiento.

Entonces, un sistema se define como la cantidad de materia o una región en el espacio delimitada para su análisis.

 

Un sistema está conformado por los siguientes elementos:

Medio externo: Es todo aquello que rodea al sistema y le afecta.

Frontera o pared del sistema: Es el medio material que separa el sistema del medio externo.

Componentes: Son los tipos de sustancias involucradas en el sistema. Estas pueden ser sustancias simples o compuestas. El sistema puede estar conformado por uno o más componentes.

Fases: Son porciones homogéneas de un sistema que pueden diferenciarse físicamente y separarse mediante procesos mecánicos.

Los sistemas que poseen una sola fase son llamados sistemas homogéneos. Por su parte, los sistemas de dos o más fases, son llamados sistemas heterogéneos.

Estados: Los componentes de un sistema se pueden presentar en alguno de los tres estados de la materia: sólido, líquido y gaseoso.

 

A continuación se presenta los siguientes sistemas. Señale los componentes, fases y estados de la materia que lo conforman.

  • Sistema Agua-Aceite

 

Componentes: 2 (agua y aceite)

Fases: 2 (fase agua y fase aceite) Sistema heterogéneo

Estados: 1 estado (líquido)

 

  • Sistema Agua – Hielo – Vapor de agua

 

Componentes: 1 (agua)

Fases: 3 (fase agua, fase hielo, fase vapor de agua) Sistema heterogéneo

Estado: 3 (sólido, líquido y gaseoso)

 

  • Sistema Agua – Sal

Componentes: 2 (agua y sal)

Fases: 1 (sistema homogéneo)

Estado: 2 (líquido y sólido)

Tipos de sistemas

Sistema abierto: Es aquel sistema que permite el intercambio de materia y energía con el ambiente.

Por ejemplo: Un recipiente destapado con alguna sustancia, el cuerpo humano, las células, bacterias, plantas.

 

Sistema cerrado: Este sistema permite el paso de energía pero no de materia.

Por ejemplo: Una olla a presión que no permita escape de gases, un globo inflado, una bombilla.

 

Sistema aislado o adiabático: Es aquel sistema que no permite intercambio de energía ni de materia con el ambiente que lo rodea. Este tipo de sistema es considerado ideal, mas no real ya que al transcurrir el tiempo, hay intercambio con el medio externo.

Por ejemplo: Un termo, una persona utilizando un traje de neopreno (se encuentra protegido durante un período de tiempo del intercambio calórico entre el agua y su cuerpo), una caja fuerte.

 

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