El potencial de ionización es la energía necesaria para arrancar un electrón de un elemento químico, hallándose en su estado fundamental de energía. A medida que el electrón se encuentre fuertemente unido al núcleo, el potencial de ionización será mayor. En relación con eso, una de las primeras relaciones que se pueden hacer es con respecto al radio atómico. Entonces, cuando el átomo presenta mayor radio atómico, menor será la fuerza que los une; y por consiguiente, menor será el potencial de ionización.
En la medida que la distancia que separa las cargas es mayor, la fuerza eléctrica es menor; por lo tanto, la energía que se debe suministrar también será menor.
potencial de ionización en los grupos de la tabla periódica
En los grupos o familias de la tabla periódica se observa una disminución del potencial de ionización en la medida que aumenta el número de capas, esto se debe a que el último electrón se encuentra en un nivel energético superior, y por consiguiente, la cantidad de energía que se debe recibir para salir del área de influencia del núcleo es menor.
Resumiendo se dice que el potencial de ionización disminuye de arriba hacia abajo en la tabla periódica.
potencial de ionización en los periodos de la tabla periódica
Se observa un aumento del potencial de ionización de izquierda a derecha en los elementos que se encuentran en el mismo periodo; esto se debe al aumento de las fuerzas eléctricas y a la disminución del radio atómico.
ejemplo:
Ordene de manera creciente los elementos de cada una de las siguientes series, en función a su potencial de ionización:
a) Z=20 ; Z= 38; Z = 56
Los elementos de esta serie se encuentran en el mismo grupo (metales alcalinotérreos), por lo tanto se observará una disminución del potencial de ionización a medida que se desciende en el grupo, quedando:
Bario (Z=56) < Estroncio (Z=38) < Calcio (Z=20)
b) Z= 24; Z= 32; Z= 35
Los elementos de esta serie se encuentran en el mismo periodo (periodo 4), por lo tanto se observará un aumento del potencial de ionización de izquierda a derecha en la tabla periódica, quedando:
Cromo (Z=24) < Germanio (Z=32) < Bromo (Z=35)
FUENTE:
Rodríguez María (2006). Química. Fundación Editorial Salesiana
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