Cuando se realiza un análisis y estudio a las características que poseen los elementos, se puede hacer bastante evidente las diferentes propiedades que estas presentan. Uno de los aspectos más notables es la manera en la cual se combinan con otros elementos. Muchos de ellos poseen una gran capacidad de combinación con otros elementos, no obstante existen otros que son más selectivos en ese aspecto y algunos que no tienen la propiedad de formar uniones naturales con otros elementos, tal es el caso de los gases nobles.
Los gases nobles se le hace llamar a los elementos que se encuentran formando parte del grupo 18 de la tabla periódica. Estos elementos poseen una estructura atómica bastante curiosa, ya que las últimas capas de electrones presentan orbitales llenos lo que hace casi imposible la formación de compuestos, ya sea forzando las condiciones de temperatura y presión. Sin embargo, el primer compuesto producido a partir de un gas noble es el hexafluoroplatinato de xenón. El químico británico Neil Bartlett fue quien descubrió dicho compuesto en el año 1962; el cual formuló como Xe+ (PtF6)–.
Paralelamente a dicho estudio, en el mismo año, el científico Howard Claassen obtuvo un compuesto más sencillo formado por la unión del xenón y flúor a altas temperaturas, obteniéndose así el tetrafluoruro de Xenón. Posterior a esto, se fueron obteniendo muchos compuestos más del xenón (óxidos, fluoruros y oxifluoruros), además de fluoruros de argón y kriptón. No obstante, no se han obtenido uniones con el helio y el neón. Pero algo si queda demostrado, que los gases nobles si pueden ser reactivos, aunque en menos medida que el resto de los elementos de la tabla periódica.
Gas noble |
Número atómico (Z) | Última capa |
Helio (He) |
Z= 2 |
S2 |
Neón (Ne) |
Z = 10 |
S2p6 |
Argón (Ar) | Z= 18 |
S2p6 |
Kriptón (Kr) |
Z= 36 |
S2p6 |
Xenón (Xe) |
Z= 54 |
S2p6 |
Radón (Rn) | Z= 86 |
S2p6 |
metales alcalinos (grupo 1 de la tabla periódica)
En el caso de los elementos que forman parte de la familia de los metales alcalinos (grupo 1), estos presentan un electrón en el orbital s de la última capa, por lo tanto la valencia con la cual se combinan es +1, que en pocas palabras nos indica que estos elementos poseen una gran tendencia a perder el último electrón, de ser así, tendrían la configuración del gas noble que le antecede. Por ejemplo:
Litio: Z= 3. 1s2 2s1 → al perder el último electrón (Li +¹), presenta la configuración electrónica del helio (z=2) que es 1s2
metales alcalinoterreos (grupo 2 de la tabla periódica)
Una situación similar se observa en el grupo 2, pero en este caso la valencia estable para estos elementos es +2. Estos metales poseen la propiedad de perder dos electrones de la última capa, quedando la capa anterior completamente llena, como el gas noble que le antecede. Por ejemplo:
Magnesio: Z= 11. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 → al perder 2 electrones (Mg+²) de la última capa, presenta la configuración del neón (z=10) que es 1s2 2s2 2p6.
Halógenos (Grupo 17)
Para los halógenos, la valencia más común es -1, lo que quiere decir que están propensos a ganar un electrón. La configuración electrónica del átomo sin unirse a otro elemento, posee siete electrones en la última capa entre los orbitales s y p. Entonces, al ganar un electrón completa la tercera pareja de los orbitales p. Por ejemplo:
Cloro: Z= 17. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 → al ganar 1 electrón (Cl-), presenta la configuración electrónica del argón (z=18) que es 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6.
Elementos de transición
Los metales de transición presentan muchas variaciones en sus valencias cuando estos se unen químicamente a otros elementos, ya que se pueden obtener complejos moleculares que implican a muchos de sus electrones. Esto es algo bastante común debido a la gran extensión de las últimas capas de estos elementos, y además de la limitada diferencia energética entre sus subniveles. Los metales de transición están formados por orbitales d y f.
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