Hoy en química en casa te enseñamos como comprobar de manera práctica, las propiedades coligativas. Para ello realizaremos experimentos sencillos con materiales que fácilmente podemos encontrar en casa.
Objetivo general
Estudiar las propiedades coligativas mediante experimentos sencillos.
Introducción
Las propiedades coligativas son aquellas que están bastante relacionadas con el cambio de las propiedades físicas que presenta solventes, cuando se le adiciona una cantidad específica de un soluto no volátil.
Las propiedades físicas que varían son: punto de ebullición, punto de congelación, presión de vapor y presión osmótica.
Es importante tener en cuenta que no importa las propiedades del soluto o su naturaleza química, sino la cantidad o proporción de soluto disuelto.
Reactivos y materiales a utilizar
- Ácido acético (vinagre)
- Alcohol isopropílico o etanol
- Acetona (removedor de esmalte)
- NaCl (sal común)
- Hielo
- 1 Huevo
- Cocinilla eléctrica
- Recipientes de vidrio transparente
- Gotero
- Agitador
- Termómetro
Parte I. Presión de vapor
En un papel limpio coloque de forma separada una gota de agua, una gota de alcohol y otra gota de acetona. Espere unos minutos y observa.
- ¿Cuál líquido se evaporó primero?
- ¿Cuál fue el último líquido en evaporarse? ¿Por qué?
Ahora en un vaso de precipitados mezcla un poco de alcohol con NaCl y diluye bien. Luego coloca en un papel limpio, una gota de la mezcla (alcohol + NaCl) y una gota de alcohol solo. Observa por unos minutos.
- ¿Cuál se evaporó primero?
- ¿Qué efecto tiene la sal NaCl en la volatilidad del alcohol? ¿Cambia las propiedades del alcohol? ¿Por qué?
- La presión de vapor de un solvente desciende cuando se le añade un soluto no volátil. Explique las razones de por qué esto ocurre.
Parte II. Punto de Ebullición
Toma un recipiente grande y llénalo de agua. Colócalo sobre la cocinilla eléctrica y deja que este hierva. Mide la temperatura del agua. Ahora añade un poco de Sal NaCl y mide la temperatura nuevamente. Deja que este hierva y vuelve a medir la temperatura.
Realiza un cuadro con las anotaciones de las temperaturas.
- ¿Hubo un cambio de temperatura en los tres casos? Si es así, explique por qué ocurre esto.
- ¿La temperatura aumenta o disminuye cuando se le añade un soluto no volátil al agua pura? Explique.
- Determine la variación de temperatura (ΔTe)
Parte III. Temperatura de Congelación
En un recipiente coloca un poco de hielo y toma su temperatura. Luego añade un poco de NaCl y toma de nuevo la temperatura.
Resume en un cuadro las temperaturas.
- ¿Qué ocurrió después de agregar la sal NaCl? ¿La temperatura aumentó o bajó? Explique.
- Determine la variación de temperatura (ΔTc)
Parte IV. Presión osmótica: Ósmosis
Este experimento se realizará al cabo de varios días para que se pueda observar de manera satisfactoria el proceso de ósmosis.
Para ello necesitarás de un vaso de vidrio transparente, un huevo y ácido acético (vinagre).
Primero llena el frasco con vinagre hasta la mitad y coloca el huevo y deja que pase tres días. Revisa cada día lo que le está sucediendo al huevo, verás como la cáscara que está formada por carbonato de calcio se desintegra por la acción del ácido acético. Ahora retira el huevo del frasco y notarás que la membrana estará como una especie de goma. Rápidamente mide la masa del huevo en la balanza y toma nota. Pasa el huevo a un frasco lleno de agua y déjalo allí por 24 horas. Al cabo de ese día observa lo que le sucedió y mide su masa nuevamente.
En base a esto responde:
- ¿Qué le ocurrió al huevo durante el proceso? ¿Por qué varió su masa? Explique
- ¿Qué es el proceso de ósmosis?
- ¿En qué consiste la presión osmótica?
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