La polaridad es el desplazamiento de los electrones del enlace hacia uno de los átomos que lo forman, produciéndose una zona positiva por deficiencia de electrones y otra negativa por exceso. La máxima expresión de polaridad se encuentra en el enlace iónico, dos iones (anión y catión) unidos por fuerzas eléctricas.
Al producirse un enlace covalente el comportamiento de los electrones dependerá de la diferencia de electronegatividad que presenten los dos átomos involucrados.
Los electrones de la zona del enlace se acercarán al elemento con mayor fuerza de atracción, generando una densidad negativa (δ-) sobre el mismo y una densidad positiva (δ+) sobre el otro (menor electronegatividad). Si los elementos tienen la misma electronegatividad, es decir igual fuerza de atracción, los electrones permanecerán en el centro del espacio internuclear, compartiéndose por igual entre los átomos; y en ese caso, se obtiene un enlace no polar, tal como sucede en las moléculas de H2, O2 y Cl2. Cada molécula presenta átomos iguales, con la misma electronegatividad, lo que significa que la distribución electrónica es uniforme, el tipo de enlace es no polar.
En un enlace covalente, al no haber transferencia electrónica, no existe una carga formal positiva o negativa, pero la influencia de los electrones de enlace es diferente para cada uno de los átomos, puesto que uno de ellos acapara su carga negativa; esto origina una desuniformidad en la ubicación de los mismos, y es lo que se denomina enlace polar.
¿Cómo saber si un enlace es más polar que otro?
El enlace será más polar a medida que la diferencia entre las electronegatividades de los átomos que se enlaza sea mayor. Por lo tanto, dos átomos iguales atraerán al par de electrones covalente con igual fuerza (basándonos en la ley de Coulomb) y los electrones continuarán en el centro originando un enlace apolar. Para ello utilizaremos la escala de Pauling, cuyos valores arbitrarios, oscilan entre 0,7 a 4, siendo los valores más pequeños los que se le asigna a los elementos menos electronegativos y los valores más altos a los elementos más electronegativos.
ejercicios
Indique en cada par, cuál de los siguientes enlaces será el más polar:
a) P-Cl o P-Br
b) S-Cl o S-O
c) N-O o N-F
a) P-Cl o P-Br
Electronegatividades:
P = 2.1
Cl = 3.0
Br = 2.8
P-Cl = 3.0 -2.1 = 0.9
P-Br = 2.8 – 2.1 = 0.7
El enlace más polar es el P-Cl
b) S-Cl o S-O
Electronegatividades:
S = 2.5
Cl = 3.0
O = 3.5
S-Cl = 3.0 -2.5 = 0.5
S-O = 3.5 – 2.5 = 1
El enlace más polar es el S-O
C) N-O o N-F
Electronegatividades:
N = 3.0
O = 3.5
F = 4.0
N-O = 3.5 -3.0 = 0.5
N-F = 4.0 – 3.0 = 1
El enlace más polar es el N-F
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