La química desempeña una serie de funciones en la odontología, desde ayudar a prevenir las caries hasta blanquear los dientes. En el siguiente artículo examinaremos las moléculas detrás de la caries dental y las que se utilizan para bloquearla o tratarla.
LA CARIES DENTAL
Las bacterias de la boca forman placa en los dientes y las encías. A medida que se alimentan, crean ácidos orgánicos a partir de azúcares. Estos atacan el esmalte de los dientes y pueden provocar caries. Los alimentos y bebidas ácidos también la producen.
Este proceso infeccioso es producido por las bacterias Streptococcus mutans y Lactobacillus acidophilus, las cuales generan ácidos como el láctico y ácido propanoico que atacan primordialmente el componente inorgánico del esmalte dental y causan su desmineralización.
EL FLUORURO VERSUS LA CARIES DENTAL
Las pastas dentales que contienen fluoruro, a menudo en forma de fluoruro de sodio o fluoruro de estaño (II), pueden ayudar a prevenir las caries. Los iones de fluoruro convierten la hidroxiapatita (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂) del esmalte en fluorapatita (Ca10(PO₄)6 F2), que es más resistente a los ácidos.
EMPASTES Y RESINAS
Anteriormente era bastante habitual que los dentistas utilizaran amalgamas para rellenar caries, no obstante, se ha vuelto menos popular debido a preocupaciones ambientales. Ahora usan resinas compuestas. El más común es el Bis-GMA, formado a partir de bisfenol A (BPA) y metacrilato de glicidilo (GMA), que polimerizan bajo luz ultravioleta.
BLANQUEAMIENTO DENTAL
Los blanqueadores pueden eliminar las manchas superficiales de los dientes. Las pastas de dientes que dicen contener componentes blanqueadores generalmente poseen agentes abrasivos como sílice o alúmina. Los dentistas suelen utilizar peróxido de hidrógeno o agentes blanqueadores, como el peróxido de carbamida, que se descomponen en peróxido de hidrógeno.
FUENTE
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