Los fenoles antiguamente llevaban por nombre ácido fénico o ácido carbólico; son compuestos orgánicos aromáticos que presentan la fórmula C6H5OH, es decir, es un benceno que lleva enlazado un grupo hidroxilo (-OH).
Los fenoles son ácidos débiles y por su estructura se asemejan a los alcoholes. Estos son solubles en disolventes orgánicos y ligeramente solubles en agua a temperatura ambiente, sin embargo por encima de los 66 °C es soluble en todas proporciones.
Usos
En 1867, el cirujano británico Joseph Lister utilizó por primera vez el fenol como desinfectante para esterilizar heridas, vendajes e instrumentos quirúrgicos. Las disoluciones diluidas son antisépticos muy útiles, pero las disoluciones concentradas son cáusticas y dejan cicatrices en los tejidos.
Un derivado del fenol, la fenolftaleína (C20H14O4), es un compuesto químico obtenido por la reacción entre el fenol y el anhídrido ftálico en presencia de ácido sulfúrico; se usa como indicador de la acidez.
Nomenclatura para fenoles
Nomenclatura común
Gran parte de las sustancias fenólicas se conocen más por sus nombres comunes que por la denominación oficial IUPAC.
Por ejemplo:
Nomenclatura IUPAC
Como ya hemos indicado, se obtienen al sustituir uno o más átomos de hidrógeno del benceno por radicales –OH.
Si se sustituye un solo átomo de hidrógeno, se obtienen los fenoles; si se sustituyen varios, obtenemos los difenoles, trifenoles, etc.
Para nombrarlos se utiliza la terminación ol precedida del nombre del hidrocarburo aromático correspondiente.
Si existen varios radicales –OH, se enumeran los átomos de carbono del benceno de modo que los carbonos con grupos hidroxilo les corresponda la numeración más baja en conjunto. Al nombrar los polifenoles, deben escribirse los localizadores y los prefijos correspondientes: di, tri, tetra, entre otros.
Ejercicios
Respuestas
Ejercicio 1
Nombres IUPAC:
4- metil- 1,2- difenol
1,2- dihidroxi- 4 metilbenceno
Nombres Común:
2-hidroxi- para-cresol
4-metilcatecol
Ejercicio 2
Nombres IUPAC:
1,3- difenol
1,3- dihidroxibenceno
Nombres Común:
Resorcinol
Meta-fenol
Ejercicio 3
Nombres:
3- etilfenol
3- etil- 1 hidroxibenceno
Ejercicio 4
Nombres IUPAC:
5- etil-1,3- difenol
5-etil-1,3- dihidroxibenceno
Nombres Común:
5-etilResorcinol
Ejercicios Propuestos
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