Los éteres son compuestos orgánicos cuya fórmula general es R-O-R. Estos radicales alquilos pueden ser iguales o diferentes. Por lo tanto, existen éteres alifáticos (R-O-R) y éteres aromáticos (Ar-O-Ar) y éteres alifático-aromáticos (R-O-Ar).
Los éteres resultan de la eliminación de una molécula de agua entre dos moléculas de alcohol. Además son considerados derivados del agua.
Clasificación de los éteres
Éteres simétricos: Son aquellos éteres que poseen dos grupos alquil o aril iguales. Por ejemplo:
CH3-O-CH3
Éteres asimétricos: Son aquellos éteres que poseen dos grupos alquil o aril diferentes. Por ejemplo:
CH3-O-CH2-CH2-CH3
Propiedades físicas de los éteres
Estado físico: Los términos inferiores son gases o líquidos volátiles, y sus vapores son muy inflamables.
Punto de ebullición: Los puntos de ebullición son más bajos que los de los alcoholes que contienen el mismo número de átomos de carbono.
Densidad: Son menos densos que el agua.
Solubilidad en agua: Poco solubles. Su solubilidad aumenta notablemente con la presencia de pequeñas cantidades de alcohol.
Usos de los éteres
Éter dimetílico o éter metílico: Es un gas que se emplea como agente refrigerante.
Éter etílico: Se utiliza como anestésico, disolvente y refrigerante.
Éter di-isopropílico: Se emplea como disolvente industrial, en operaciones de extracción tales como la nicotina del tabaco y para aumentar las propiedades antidetonantes de la gasolina.
Nomenclatura para éteres
Nomenclatura IUPAC: Se enumeran los radicales, siendo el hidrocarburo base, el que posee mayor cantidad de átomos de carbono. El que posee menos átomos de carbono será llamado alquiloxi. Cuando el radical posee entre 1 a 4 carbonos se le quita el “il” y queda alcoxi. Por ejemplo:
1-etoxi-pentano
Nomenclatura Común. Es la más sencilla y más utilizada. Se nombra de la siguiente manera:
Cuando los radicales son diferentes, se nombran: Alquil-alquiléter
CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
Etil-n-pentiléter
Cuando los radicales son iguales, se nombran: Dialquiléter
CH3-O-CH3
Dimetiléter
Ejercicios
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