Elementos paramagnéticos y diamagnéticos

Elementos paramagnéticos y diamagnéticos

El científico alemán Friedrich Hund, en su regla denominada “máxima multiplicidad de Hund” señala que cuando ciertos electrones de misma energía, ocupan orbitales degenerados, lo efectuarán en orbitales distintos y con espines que se hallen paralelos, es decir, electrones desapareados, en la medida que esto sea factible.

PARAMAGNÉTICO

Los elementos paramagnéticos son aquellos que pueden ser atraídos por el campo magnético, es decir, por un imán. Entonces, si los electrones se hallan desapareados, estos exhiben un espín igual y, en consecuencia, un campo magnético neto que al relacionarse con el campo magnético del imán, produce paramagnetismo o, como también se le llama, fuerza de atracción.

Por ejemplo:

El carbono es un elemento paramagnético ya que posee electrones desapareados, esto se puede evidenciar realizando su configuración electrónica:

Carbono. Z=6. 1s2 2s2 2p2

Los orbitales s llenan solo 2 electrones y los orbitales p llenan 6 electrones, de los cuales solo el carbono tiene 2. Entonces quiere decir que posee dos electrones desapareados, según lo que muestra el siguiente diagrama de orbitales:

diagrama de orbitales del carbono

 

DIAMAGNÉTICO

Los elementos diamagnéticos son aquellos que no son atraídos por el campo magnético (imán), o en algunos casos son levemente repelidos. Por lo tanto, si los electrones se hallan apareados, muestran espines opuestos, entonces no existe un campo magnético neto, y es cuando se produce el diamagnetismo.

POR EJEMPLO:

El berilio es un elemento diamagnético puesto que tiene todos sus electrones apareados, como se puede observar en su distribución electrónica:

Berilio. Z=4. 1s2 2s2

Diagrama de orbitales:

diagrama de orbitales del berilio

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  28. 프라그마틱에 대한 내용 정말 흥미로워요! 또한, 제 사이트에서도 프라그마틱과 관련된 정보를 공유하고 있어요. 함께 지식을 공유해보세요!
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