Las sales binarias son compuestos inorgánicos iónicos formados por la combinación de un elemento metálico y un elemento no metálico, con excepción del oxígeno.
Son sustancias llamadas también sales neutras, ya que están formados por un catión (metal) y un anión (no metal) mediante un enlace iónico.
Con base en lo señalado anteriormente, la fórmula general de las sales binarias es:
MxNy
Donde:
M: metal
N: no metal
x: valencia del no metal
y: valencia del metal
El metal puede ser un elemento del bloque S (grupo 1 o grupo 2) o también del bloque p. Por su parte, los no metales están los halógenos (grupo 17) así como otros elementos del bloque p.
Propiedades
- Formadas por enlaces iónicos.
- Son solubles en agua, formándose líquidos iónicos.
- Presentan puntos de fusión por debajo de 100 °C.
- Muestran colores variados. Por ejemplo: el cloruro de sodio es blanco, el cloruro de níquel (II) es de color verde, el cloruro de cobalto (II) es de color malva, entre otros.
Nomenclatura
Nomenclatura Sistemática. Se inicia con la raíz del nombre del no metal al cual se le agrega la sufijo «uro». Finalmente se coloca la sílaba «de» y el nombre del metal. Ahora bien, si el balance estequiométrico es 1:2 en el compuesto, es necesario colocar prefijos numéricos griegos como di, tri, tetra, penta, entre otros. Por ejemplo:
NaCl Cloruro de sodio
CaI2 Diyoduro de calcio
Nomenclatura Stock. Al igual que en la nomenclatura sistemática, se inicia con la raíz del nombre del no metal, seguido de la terminación «uro», luego se agrega el sufijo «de» y el nombre del metal. Ahora bien, en este caso se debe colocar al finalizar, el estado de oxidación del metal en números romanos y dentro de un paréntesis. Si el metal tiene un solo estado de oxidación, se puede obviar el colocarla. Por ejemplo:
CoF3 Fluoruro de cobalto (III)
MgBr2 Bromuro de magnesio
Nomenclatura Tradicional. Para esta nomenclatura se siguen unas normas definidas, basánsose en la cantidad de valencias que presente el elemento metálico. Según eso, se utilizan los prefijos y sufijos: hipo-oso, oso, ico y per-ico. Acá puedes ver un poco más sobre la nomenclatura tradicional.
Por ejemplo:
Fe2S3 Sulfuro férrico
FeS Sulfuro ferroso
El hierro posee 2 valencias: 2 y . Cuando está trabajando con la valencia más pequeña, el nombre del metal debe incluir el sufijo oso, no obstante cuando trabaja con la valencia más grande, debe usar el sufijo ico.
Fuentes:
- https://yosoytuprofe.20minutos.es/
- https://www.lifeder.com/
- Chang, Raymond. (2013) Química. 11va Edición.
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