Los ácidos hidrácidos son compuestos inorgánicos binarios, formados por la combinación del hidrógeno con un no metal, del grupo 16 (con excepción del oxígeno) o del grupo 17.
Los no metales suelen ser los elementos del grupo de los halógenos (F, Cl, Br, I) y los elementos del grupo 16 (S, Se y Te). El hidrógeno se presenta en estos compuestos con valencia +1 y los no metales actúan solo con su valencia menor.
Existe solo 8 ácidos hidrácidos y son los siguientes: HF, HCl, HBr, HI, H2S, H2Se y H2Te. Una excepción a la regla es el HCN.
Fórmula general: HX
Donde H es hidrógeno (+1)
X es: flúor (-1), cloro (-1), bromo (-1), yodo (-1), azufre (-2), selenio (-2), telurio (-2) y CN (-1).
Propiedades físicas de los ácidos hidrácidos
- Son altamente solubles en agua.
- En disolución conducen la energía eléctrica.
- Son sustancias fumantes, es decir, que desprenden vapores densos, corrosivos e irritantes.
- Presentan puntos de ebullición mayores a sus formas anhidras.
Nomenclatura
Nomenclatura sistemática IUPAC.
Los hidrácidos se nombran bajo este sistema cuando se haya en su forma anhidra, esto es indicando de manera tal como deben ser nombrados los haluros de hidrógeno, agregando el sufijo –uro al final de sus nombres.
Raíz del no metal + uro + de + hidrógeno
Por ejemplo:
HBr Bromuro de hidrógeno
H2S Sulfuro de hidrógeno
Nomenclatura Stock.
Se nombra de la misma manera que en la sistemática IUPAC.
Nomenclatura tradicional.
Es la nomenclatura más utilizada para nombrar a los ácidos hidrácidos. Consiste en sustituir el sufijo uro por hídrico y además se coloca la palabra ácido al inicio:
Ácido + Raíz del no metal + hídrico
Por ejemplo:
HCN Ácido cianhídrico
H2Te Ácido telurhídrico
Hidrácido | Nombre IUPAC | Nombre Tradicional |
HF | Fluoruro de hidrógeno | Ácido fluorhídrico |
HCl | Cloruro de hidrógeno | Ácido clorhídrico |
HBr | Bromuro de hidrógeno | Ácido bromhídrico |
HI | Yoduro de hidrógeno | Ácido yodhídrico |
H2S | Sulfuro de hidrógeno | Ácido sulfhídrico |
H2Se | Seleniuro de hidrógeno | Ácido selenhídrico |
H2Te | Telururo de hidrógeno | Ácido telurhídrico |
HCN | Cianuro de hidrógeno | Ácido cianhídrico |
Usos de los hidrácidos
- El ácido clorhídrico se emplea para elinar residuos de carbonato de calcio (caliza). También en la síntesis de cloruros orgánicos. Se emplea para regular el pH de las soluciones, productos farmacéuticos, alimenticios y agua.
- El ácido fluorhídrico se emplea para el tallado y grabado de vidrio o cristal. También en la obtención de compuestos orgánicos fluorados.
- El ácido cianhídrico es la base para la obtención de compuestos que se emplean en la minería, como el cianuro de sodio y cianuro de potasio.
- El ácido bromhídrico se emplean en la fabricación de productos químicos y farmacéuticos para humanos y de uso veterinario. También es usado como solvente.
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