Cambios de estado de la materia
Guía de Estudios

Cambios de estado de la materia

itemprop="discussionURL"223 Comments

Los estados de la materia están sujeto a cambios constantemente para que se puedan llevar a cabo ciertos procesos. Dichos cambios son producto de la temperatura, ya sea por aumento o disminución de la misma. Por lo tanto, se le llama cambios progresivos cuando se le aumenta la temperatura a los cuerpos; y cambios regresivos cuando la temperatura de los cuerpos disminuye. Cabe destacar que no se producen ningún cambio en la estructura molecular de los materiales.

Los estados de la materia más conocidos son el estado sólido, líquido y gaseoso, no obstante, el plasma es el estado más abundante en el universo. A continuación se explicará de manera breve los cambios que sufren los estados físicos de la materia. 

cambios de estado progresivos
fusión

Es un proceso endotérmico ya que se necesita de calor para que un material pase del estado sólido a estado líquido. Por ejemplo: cuando se funde los metales, cuando se derrite un trozo de hielo, cuando se derrite un helado, entre otros.

evaporación o vaporización

Consiste en el cambio de los materiales al pasar del estado líquido a gaseoso. Este puede ocurrir cuando se le aplica calor o de forma espontanea a temperatura ambiente. Los líquidos al aumentar su punto de ebullición siguen absorbiendo calor pero su temperatura se mantiene constante. El punto de ebullición es un valor característico para cada sustancia. Por ejemplo: cuando se evapora el agua de los ríos y mares, cuando se lleva a calentamiento cualquier sustancia y esta empieza a ebullir, etc.

sublimación

Es cuando un material pasa del estado sólido al estado gaseoso, sin haber pasado por el estado líquido. Por ejemplo: la naftalina y el dióxido de carbono en estado sólido (hielo seco) son materiales que pueden sublimar.

ionización

Consiste en el cambio de un material del estado gaseoso al estado plasma. Gracias a este proceso químico o físico, se generan los iones.

cambios de estado regresivos
condensación

Es el proceso inverso de la vaporización y consiste en el paso de un material del estado gaseoso al líquido. Por ejemplo: cuando se producen las lluvias.

solidificación

Este proceso inverso a la fusión, consiste en el cambio de un material del estado líquido al sólido. Por ejemplo: cuando se realiza hielo, la cristalización, entre otros.

 

deposición o sublimación inversa

Consiste en el cambio de una sustancia del estado gaseoso al estado sólido. Por ejemplo: la naftalina, nieve, cuando el vapor del agua en el ambiente se transforma en escarcha.

desionización

Es el proceso inverso de la ionización y consiste en el paso del estado plasmático al estado gaseoso.

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